Mryntu

I have a custom phtml inside I called attribute.phtml but it's not working:

echo $block->getTemplateFile('Magento_Catalog::product/view/attribute.phtml');
echo $this->getLayout()
 ->createBlock("MagentoFrameworkViewElementTemplate")
 ->setTemplate("Magento_Catalog::product/view/attribute.phtml")
 ->toHtml();

Both showing error only.

Pass Block file as, MagentoCatalogBlockProductViewDescription
Just keep below line in your phtml file,

<?php echo $this->getLayout()->createBlock("MagentoCatalogBlockProductViewDescription")->setTemplate("Magento_Catalog::product/view/attribute.phtml")->toHtml();?>

If you want use the Magento_Catalog::product/view/attribute.phtml you should add important data to the block before layout render it (from the template):

$_product = $block->getProduct();
$_call = $block->getAtCall();
$_code = $block->getAtCode();
$_className = $block->getCssClass();
$_attributeLabel = $block->getAtLabel();
$_attributeType = $block->getAtType();
$_attributeAddAttribute = $block->getAddAttribute();

So according to your needs you can pass block arguments to the createBlock method using third argument:

/**
 * Block Factory
 *
 * @param string $type
 * @param string $name
 * @param array $arguments
 * @return ElementBlockInterface
 */
public function createBlock($type, $name = '', array $arguments = []);

Your code should looks like this (I use the SKU-attribute as an example):

$block->getLayout()
 ->createBlock(
 'MagentoFrameworkViewElementTemplate', 
 '', 
 [
 "at_call" => 'getSku',
 "at_code" => 'sku',
 "css_class" => 'sku',
 "at_label" => 'default',
 "add_attribute" => 'itemprop="sku"',
 "product" => $block->getProduct() // Here should be real current product, you should load it in your main block!
 ])
 ->setTemplate("Magento_Catalog::product/view/attribute.phtml")
 ->toHtml();

PS: Try to change $this to the $block in your code:

<?php echo ($block->getTemplateFile('Magento_Catalog::product/view/attribute.phtml')) ;?>
<?php echo $block->getLayout()->createBlock("MagentoFrameworkViewElementTemplate")->setTemplate("Magento_Catalog::product/view/attribute.phtml")->toHtml();?>

In Magento 2 you should use the $block variable inside a template, not $this. Here you can find additional info.