Other Extensible Scripts Besides LatinWhat is a term for the use of two scripts in writing?Origin of Alphabetic/Phonemic ScriptsDoes the Rejang language have a Latin orthography in use?Which other languages pronounce <j> as [dʒ]Calculating writing system efficiency with respect to reading ambiguity?ù - Are there other words (in which languages?) other than the french word “Où” that uses it?Do any other languages have an equivalent to the hiragana and katakana alphabets?Transcriptions of Mandarin Chinese into writing systems other than Latin, Arabic and Cyrillic?When did countries other than Russia adopt new Latin-letterform-style Cyrillic?Why are the scripts of Crete known as “Linear”?

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Other Extensible Scripts Besides Latin


What is a term for the use of two scripts in writing?Origin of Alphabetic/Phonemic ScriptsDoes the Rejang language have a Latin orthography in use?Which other languages pronounce <j> as [dʒ]Calculating writing system efficiency with respect to reading ambiguity?ù - Are there other words (in which languages?) other than the french word “Où” that uses it?Do any other languages have an equivalent to the hiragana and katakana alphabets?Transcriptions of Mandarin Chinese into writing systems other than Latin, Arabic and Cyrillic?When did countries other than Russia adopt new Latin-letterform-style Cyrillic?Why are the scripts of Crete known as “Linear”?













1















Besides the Latin script with its menagerie of diacritics and modified glyphs, what other phonetic scripts are extensible to such a degree to accommodate new sounds?



I know the Greek alphabet and Cyrillic shares many similarities with Latin in that diacritics and digraphs are employed to extend support for other phonologies.



I also know Japanese has some limited ability to represent voicing and vowel change (to represent foreign sounds like [fi]).



Korean has an extensive inventory of basic shapes which can be combined in various ways to cover new sounds (some extinct like ⟨ㆅ⟩ for [χ], and some hypothetical like ⟨ㅋ⟩ + ⟨ㅋ⟩ for [gʱ]).










share|improve this question


























    1















    Besides the Latin script with its menagerie of diacritics and modified glyphs, what other phonetic scripts are extensible to such a degree to accommodate new sounds?



    I know the Greek alphabet and Cyrillic shares many similarities with Latin in that diacritics and digraphs are employed to extend support for other phonologies.



    I also know Japanese has some limited ability to represent voicing and vowel change (to represent foreign sounds like [fi]).



    Korean has an extensive inventory of basic shapes which can be combined in various ways to cover new sounds (some extinct like ⟨ㆅ⟩ for [χ], and some hypothetical like ⟨ㅋ⟩ + ⟨ㅋ⟩ for [gʱ]).










    share|improve this question
























      1












      1








      1








      Besides the Latin script with its menagerie of diacritics and modified glyphs, what other phonetic scripts are extensible to such a degree to accommodate new sounds?



      I know the Greek alphabet and Cyrillic shares many similarities with Latin in that diacritics and digraphs are employed to extend support for other phonologies.



      I also know Japanese has some limited ability to represent voicing and vowel change (to represent foreign sounds like [fi]).



      Korean has an extensive inventory of basic shapes which can be combined in various ways to cover new sounds (some extinct like ⟨ㆅ⟩ for [χ], and some hypothetical like ⟨ㅋ⟩ + ⟨ㅋ⟩ for [gʱ]).










      share|improve this question














      Besides the Latin script with its menagerie of diacritics and modified glyphs, what other phonetic scripts are extensible to such a degree to accommodate new sounds?



      I know the Greek alphabet and Cyrillic shares many similarities with Latin in that diacritics and digraphs are employed to extend support for other phonologies.



      I also know Japanese has some limited ability to represent voicing and vowel change (to represent foreign sounds like [fi]).



      Korean has an extensive inventory of basic shapes which can be combined in various ways to cover new sounds (some extinct like ⟨ㆅ⟩ for [χ], and some hypothetical like ⟨ㅋ⟩ + ⟨ㅋ⟩ for [gʱ]).







      writing-systems graphemics






      share|improve this question













      share|improve this question











      share|improve this question




      share|improve this question










      asked 12 hours ago









      Kevin LiKevin Li

      20118




      20118




















          2 Answers
          2






          active

          oldest

          votes


















          3














          While Latin is probably the most-extended script out there, many other writing systems have been extended in the same way.



          Greek



          In the "oldest" form of the Greek alphabet (i.e. the oldest form we consider Greek rather than Phoenician), a number of letters were missing. Phi, chi, psi, and omega (Φ Χ Ψ Ω) were later inventions to better fit Greek phonology. Some dialects invented even more letters, which didn't survive into modern times: the Arcadians used a letter that looked like И to indicate a ts sound, while the Bactrians used a letter that looked like Þ to indicate a ʃ sound.



          Coptic



          The Coptic alphabet started out as a variant of Greek, but quickly added some Demotic Egyptian letters for the sounds Greek lacked: Ϣ ʃ, Ϩ h, Ϫ c, and more.



          Cyrillic



          The Cyrillic alphabet has been extended almost as much as the Latin one, since it's used all across the former Soviet Union and beyond. For just a few examples, the letters Ђ, Њ, Љ, and Ґ weren't in the earliest forms of modern Cyrillic, instead being added by individual languages that needed them. (Russian has also lost some letters, like Ѣ, but those survived in other languages rather than being innovated.)



          Japanese kana



          The kana have been extended to write many indigenous Japanese languages, such as Ainu. Kana like セ゚ (tse) don't exist in Japanese: in this case, tse was created by adding a "voiceless plosive" mark to katakana se. Okinawan has many more "extra" kana, created by adding extra strokes or loops to standard hiragana, but these aren't represented in Unicode.



          Arabic



          Like with Latin and Cyrillic, the Arabic writing system has been spread far and wide through conquest and trading. The Arabic language itself has an enormous number of dialects with different pronunciations, so sometimes new letters are created to represent these; other times, the innovations are for use in a non-Arabic language (like Persian or Swahili). For just a couple examples, گ (k with an extra stroke) was created for g, چ ( with extra dots) for , and ڠ (ɣ with extra dots) for ŋ.



          Devanagari



          Devanagari was originally developed for Sanskrit, but now it's used for over a hundred languages across India. Many of these have sounds Sanskrit didn't, and use extra characters to express them: क़ (ka with a dot) for qa, ॻ (ga with an underline) for ɠa, and so on.



          Canadian Syllabics



          The syllabics were originally developed by James Evans for one particular dialect of Cree, but they caught on and spread like wildfire, with different Aboriginal groups modifying and adapting them for their own languages. New series of symbols were made for new consonants, such as ᕋ ra, ᕙ fa, ᖬ ða, and ᘔ za. But given the divergent evolution, the same symbol might be used very differently in different languages, or they might have created different new symbols for the same sound.



          And more!



          This isn't an exhaustive list, just the ones I could think of off the top of my head. Others should feel free to add to this answer with their own examples!






          share|improve this answer
































            2














            Probably every alphabetic script is extensible in principle; more interesting is the question what alphabets with extensions are in practical use. To list a few



            • Cyrillic has been extended in the Soviet Union to accommodate writing of Turkic languages and Caucasian languages. The main means of extension was the creation of new letter shapes.

            • Arabic has been extended for Persian, Urdu, Sindhi, and a lot more languages

            • Even the Greek alphabet has been extended historically, but the extensions for Coptic and Gothic are considered alphabets of their own right nowadays. On the other hand, the Baktrian letter Sho is still counted as a part of an extended Greek alphabet

            • Devanagari has been extended with additional vowel signs for European vowels (mainly from English) and also with some additional consonants not present in Sanskrit but in modern languages of India (Both Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages).





            share|improve this answer























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              2 Answers
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              2 Answers
              2






              active

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              active

              oldest

              votes






              active

              oldest

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              3














              While Latin is probably the most-extended script out there, many other writing systems have been extended in the same way.



              Greek



              In the "oldest" form of the Greek alphabet (i.e. the oldest form we consider Greek rather than Phoenician), a number of letters were missing. Phi, chi, psi, and omega (Φ Χ Ψ Ω) were later inventions to better fit Greek phonology. Some dialects invented even more letters, which didn't survive into modern times: the Arcadians used a letter that looked like И to indicate a ts sound, while the Bactrians used a letter that looked like Þ to indicate a ʃ sound.



              Coptic



              The Coptic alphabet started out as a variant of Greek, but quickly added some Demotic Egyptian letters for the sounds Greek lacked: Ϣ ʃ, Ϩ h, Ϫ c, and more.



              Cyrillic



              The Cyrillic alphabet has been extended almost as much as the Latin one, since it's used all across the former Soviet Union and beyond. For just a few examples, the letters Ђ, Њ, Љ, and Ґ weren't in the earliest forms of modern Cyrillic, instead being added by individual languages that needed them. (Russian has also lost some letters, like Ѣ, but those survived in other languages rather than being innovated.)



              Japanese kana



              The kana have been extended to write many indigenous Japanese languages, such as Ainu. Kana like セ゚ (tse) don't exist in Japanese: in this case, tse was created by adding a "voiceless plosive" mark to katakana se. Okinawan has many more "extra" kana, created by adding extra strokes or loops to standard hiragana, but these aren't represented in Unicode.



              Arabic



              Like with Latin and Cyrillic, the Arabic writing system has been spread far and wide through conquest and trading. The Arabic language itself has an enormous number of dialects with different pronunciations, so sometimes new letters are created to represent these; other times, the innovations are for use in a non-Arabic language (like Persian or Swahili). For just a couple examples, گ (k with an extra stroke) was created for g, چ ( with extra dots) for , and ڠ (ɣ with extra dots) for ŋ.



              Devanagari



              Devanagari was originally developed for Sanskrit, but now it's used for over a hundred languages across India. Many of these have sounds Sanskrit didn't, and use extra characters to express them: क़ (ka with a dot) for qa, ॻ (ga with an underline) for ɠa, and so on.



              Canadian Syllabics



              The syllabics were originally developed by James Evans for one particular dialect of Cree, but they caught on and spread like wildfire, with different Aboriginal groups modifying and adapting them for their own languages. New series of symbols were made for new consonants, such as ᕋ ra, ᕙ fa, ᖬ ða, and ᘔ za. But given the divergent evolution, the same symbol might be used very differently in different languages, or they might have created different new symbols for the same sound.



              And more!



              This isn't an exhaustive list, just the ones I could think of off the top of my head. Others should feel free to add to this answer with their own examples!






              share|improve this answer





























                3














                While Latin is probably the most-extended script out there, many other writing systems have been extended in the same way.



                Greek



                In the "oldest" form of the Greek alphabet (i.e. the oldest form we consider Greek rather than Phoenician), a number of letters were missing. Phi, chi, psi, and omega (Φ Χ Ψ Ω) were later inventions to better fit Greek phonology. Some dialects invented even more letters, which didn't survive into modern times: the Arcadians used a letter that looked like И to indicate a ts sound, while the Bactrians used a letter that looked like Þ to indicate a ʃ sound.



                Coptic



                The Coptic alphabet started out as a variant of Greek, but quickly added some Demotic Egyptian letters for the sounds Greek lacked: Ϣ ʃ, Ϩ h, Ϫ c, and more.



                Cyrillic



                The Cyrillic alphabet has been extended almost as much as the Latin one, since it's used all across the former Soviet Union and beyond. For just a few examples, the letters Ђ, Њ, Љ, and Ґ weren't in the earliest forms of modern Cyrillic, instead being added by individual languages that needed them. (Russian has also lost some letters, like Ѣ, but those survived in other languages rather than being innovated.)



                Japanese kana



                The kana have been extended to write many indigenous Japanese languages, such as Ainu. Kana like セ゚ (tse) don't exist in Japanese: in this case, tse was created by adding a "voiceless plosive" mark to katakana se. Okinawan has many more "extra" kana, created by adding extra strokes or loops to standard hiragana, but these aren't represented in Unicode.



                Arabic



                Like with Latin and Cyrillic, the Arabic writing system has been spread far and wide through conquest and trading. The Arabic language itself has an enormous number of dialects with different pronunciations, so sometimes new letters are created to represent these; other times, the innovations are for use in a non-Arabic language (like Persian or Swahili). For just a couple examples, گ (k with an extra stroke) was created for g, چ ( with extra dots) for , and ڠ (ɣ with extra dots) for ŋ.



                Devanagari



                Devanagari was originally developed for Sanskrit, but now it's used for over a hundred languages across India. Many of these have sounds Sanskrit didn't, and use extra characters to express them: क़ (ka with a dot) for qa, ॻ (ga with an underline) for ɠa, and so on.



                Canadian Syllabics



                The syllabics were originally developed by James Evans for one particular dialect of Cree, but they caught on and spread like wildfire, with different Aboriginal groups modifying and adapting them for their own languages. New series of symbols were made for new consonants, such as ᕋ ra, ᕙ fa, ᖬ ða, and ᘔ za. But given the divergent evolution, the same symbol might be used very differently in different languages, or they might have created different new symbols for the same sound.



                And more!



                This isn't an exhaustive list, just the ones I could think of off the top of my head. Others should feel free to add to this answer with their own examples!






                share|improve this answer



























                  3












                  3








                  3







                  While Latin is probably the most-extended script out there, many other writing systems have been extended in the same way.



                  Greek



                  In the "oldest" form of the Greek alphabet (i.e. the oldest form we consider Greek rather than Phoenician), a number of letters were missing. Phi, chi, psi, and omega (Φ Χ Ψ Ω) were later inventions to better fit Greek phonology. Some dialects invented even more letters, which didn't survive into modern times: the Arcadians used a letter that looked like И to indicate a ts sound, while the Bactrians used a letter that looked like Þ to indicate a ʃ sound.



                  Coptic



                  The Coptic alphabet started out as a variant of Greek, but quickly added some Demotic Egyptian letters for the sounds Greek lacked: Ϣ ʃ, Ϩ h, Ϫ c, and more.



                  Cyrillic



                  The Cyrillic alphabet has been extended almost as much as the Latin one, since it's used all across the former Soviet Union and beyond. For just a few examples, the letters Ђ, Њ, Љ, and Ґ weren't in the earliest forms of modern Cyrillic, instead being added by individual languages that needed them. (Russian has also lost some letters, like Ѣ, but those survived in other languages rather than being innovated.)



                  Japanese kana



                  The kana have been extended to write many indigenous Japanese languages, such as Ainu. Kana like セ゚ (tse) don't exist in Japanese: in this case, tse was created by adding a "voiceless plosive" mark to katakana se. Okinawan has many more "extra" kana, created by adding extra strokes or loops to standard hiragana, but these aren't represented in Unicode.



                  Arabic



                  Like with Latin and Cyrillic, the Arabic writing system has been spread far and wide through conquest and trading. The Arabic language itself has an enormous number of dialects with different pronunciations, so sometimes new letters are created to represent these; other times, the innovations are for use in a non-Arabic language (like Persian or Swahili). For just a couple examples, گ (k with an extra stroke) was created for g, چ ( with extra dots) for , and ڠ (ɣ with extra dots) for ŋ.



                  Devanagari



                  Devanagari was originally developed for Sanskrit, but now it's used for over a hundred languages across India. Many of these have sounds Sanskrit didn't, and use extra characters to express them: क़ (ka with a dot) for qa, ॻ (ga with an underline) for ɠa, and so on.



                  Canadian Syllabics



                  The syllabics were originally developed by James Evans for one particular dialect of Cree, but they caught on and spread like wildfire, with different Aboriginal groups modifying and adapting them for their own languages. New series of symbols were made for new consonants, such as ᕋ ra, ᕙ fa, ᖬ ða, and ᘔ za. But given the divergent evolution, the same symbol might be used very differently in different languages, or they might have created different new symbols for the same sound.



                  And more!



                  This isn't an exhaustive list, just the ones I could think of off the top of my head. Others should feel free to add to this answer with their own examples!






                  share|improve this answer















                  While Latin is probably the most-extended script out there, many other writing systems have been extended in the same way.



                  Greek



                  In the "oldest" form of the Greek alphabet (i.e. the oldest form we consider Greek rather than Phoenician), a number of letters were missing. Phi, chi, psi, and omega (Φ Χ Ψ Ω) were later inventions to better fit Greek phonology. Some dialects invented even more letters, which didn't survive into modern times: the Arcadians used a letter that looked like И to indicate a ts sound, while the Bactrians used a letter that looked like Þ to indicate a ʃ sound.



                  Coptic



                  The Coptic alphabet started out as a variant of Greek, but quickly added some Demotic Egyptian letters for the sounds Greek lacked: Ϣ ʃ, Ϩ h, Ϫ c, and more.



                  Cyrillic



                  The Cyrillic alphabet has been extended almost as much as the Latin one, since it's used all across the former Soviet Union and beyond. For just a few examples, the letters Ђ, Њ, Љ, and Ґ weren't in the earliest forms of modern Cyrillic, instead being added by individual languages that needed them. (Russian has also lost some letters, like Ѣ, but those survived in other languages rather than being innovated.)



                  Japanese kana



                  The kana have been extended to write many indigenous Japanese languages, such as Ainu. Kana like セ゚ (tse) don't exist in Japanese: in this case, tse was created by adding a "voiceless plosive" mark to katakana se. Okinawan has many more "extra" kana, created by adding extra strokes or loops to standard hiragana, but these aren't represented in Unicode.



                  Arabic



                  Like with Latin and Cyrillic, the Arabic writing system has been spread far and wide through conquest and trading. The Arabic language itself has an enormous number of dialects with different pronunciations, so sometimes new letters are created to represent these; other times, the innovations are for use in a non-Arabic language (like Persian or Swahili). For just a couple examples, گ (k with an extra stroke) was created for g, چ ( with extra dots) for , and ڠ (ɣ with extra dots) for ŋ.



                  Devanagari



                  Devanagari was originally developed for Sanskrit, but now it's used for over a hundred languages across India. Many of these have sounds Sanskrit didn't, and use extra characters to express them: क़ (ka with a dot) for qa, ॻ (ga with an underline) for ɠa, and so on.



                  Canadian Syllabics



                  The syllabics were originally developed by James Evans for one particular dialect of Cree, but they caught on and spread like wildfire, with different Aboriginal groups modifying and adapting them for their own languages. New series of symbols were made for new consonants, such as ᕋ ra, ᕙ fa, ᖬ ða, and ᘔ za. But given the divergent evolution, the same symbol might be used very differently in different languages, or they might have created different new symbols for the same sound.



                  And more!



                  This isn't an exhaustive list, just the ones I could think of off the top of my head. Others should feel free to add to this answer with their own examples!







                  share|improve this answer














                  share|improve this answer



                  share|improve this answer








                  edited 3 hours ago

























                  answered 11 hours ago









                  DraconisDraconis

                  12.8k12054




                  12.8k12054





















                      2














                      Probably every alphabetic script is extensible in principle; more interesting is the question what alphabets with extensions are in practical use. To list a few



                      • Cyrillic has been extended in the Soviet Union to accommodate writing of Turkic languages and Caucasian languages. The main means of extension was the creation of new letter shapes.

                      • Arabic has been extended for Persian, Urdu, Sindhi, and a lot more languages

                      • Even the Greek alphabet has been extended historically, but the extensions for Coptic and Gothic are considered alphabets of their own right nowadays. On the other hand, the Baktrian letter Sho is still counted as a part of an extended Greek alphabet

                      • Devanagari has been extended with additional vowel signs for European vowels (mainly from English) and also with some additional consonants not present in Sanskrit but in modern languages of India (Both Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages).





                      share|improve this answer



























                        2














                        Probably every alphabetic script is extensible in principle; more interesting is the question what alphabets with extensions are in practical use. To list a few



                        • Cyrillic has been extended in the Soviet Union to accommodate writing of Turkic languages and Caucasian languages. The main means of extension was the creation of new letter shapes.

                        • Arabic has been extended for Persian, Urdu, Sindhi, and a lot more languages

                        • Even the Greek alphabet has been extended historically, but the extensions for Coptic and Gothic are considered alphabets of their own right nowadays. On the other hand, the Baktrian letter Sho is still counted as a part of an extended Greek alphabet

                        • Devanagari has been extended with additional vowel signs for European vowels (mainly from English) and also with some additional consonants not present in Sanskrit but in modern languages of India (Both Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages).





                        share|improve this answer

























                          2












                          2








                          2







                          Probably every alphabetic script is extensible in principle; more interesting is the question what alphabets with extensions are in practical use. To list a few



                          • Cyrillic has been extended in the Soviet Union to accommodate writing of Turkic languages and Caucasian languages. The main means of extension was the creation of new letter shapes.

                          • Arabic has been extended for Persian, Urdu, Sindhi, and a lot more languages

                          • Even the Greek alphabet has been extended historically, but the extensions for Coptic and Gothic are considered alphabets of their own right nowadays. On the other hand, the Baktrian letter Sho is still counted as a part of an extended Greek alphabet

                          • Devanagari has been extended with additional vowel signs for European vowels (mainly from English) and also with some additional consonants not present in Sanskrit but in modern languages of India (Both Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages).





                          share|improve this answer













                          Probably every alphabetic script is extensible in principle; more interesting is the question what alphabets with extensions are in practical use. To list a few



                          • Cyrillic has been extended in the Soviet Union to accommodate writing of Turkic languages and Caucasian languages. The main means of extension was the creation of new letter shapes.

                          • Arabic has been extended for Persian, Urdu, Sindhi, and a lot more languages

                          • Even the Greek alphabet has been extended historically, but the extensions for Coptic and Gothic are considered alphabets of their own right nowadays. On the other hand, the Baktrian letter Sho is still counted as a part of an extended Greek alphabet

                          • Devanagari has been extended with additional vowel signs for European vowels (mainly from English) and also with some additional consonants not present in Sanskrit but in modern languages of India (Both Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages).






                          share|improve this answer












                          share|improve this answer



                          share|improve this answer










                          answered 11 hours ago









                          jknappenjknappen

                          11.7k22854




                          11.7k22854



























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